Antihistamin mechanism of action

 Antihistamin binds with histamin receptor and opposed to histamin receptor activity. Antihistamin that bind with histamin 1 receptor in mast cell and binds with histamin 2 receptor in gastric cell.

PPI mechanism of action

PPI inhibits Hydrogen Potassiun ion Atpase enzyme and inhibits production of hydrochloric acid from perital cell of stomach.

Hydrogen potassium atpase is also called proton pump. Because, involve in producing of positive hydrogen ion.

Antibiotic resistance

 Antibiotic resistance the capacity of any microrganism to fight agaist antibiotic. It is a survibal power development of any microorganism to survive against any specific types of antibiotic.

For example, beta lactum ring produces antibiotic is resistant when microorganism learn to produce beta lactamase enzyme to destroy beta lactum ring.

To destroy beta lactumase enzyme, some antibiotics are developed by combining with clavulanic acid. 

Cefuroxim with clavulanic acid act effectively by action and protection mechanism.

Clavulanic acid destroy beta lactamase enzyme produced by bacteria and cefuroxim destroy bacteria.

Analgesics and antipyretic

Analgesics are these drug that reduces pain. It is also called pain killer. All kinds of neuropathic pain is reduced by analgesics. 

Antipyretic have a property of reducing fever. It reduces temperature. 

Paracetamol is a drug that have both analgesic and antipyretic property. It reduces pain and fever both.

ACE inhibitor

 ACE inhibitor is also called Angiotensin Converting enzyme, that inhibits production of angiotensin 2, therefore protect narrowing of blood vassels.

It is an antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure.

It is indicated in Coronary artery disease, Hypertension, Heart failure.

The common generics of ACE inhibitor is Captopril, 

Mechanism of action of antibiotics

 How any antibiotic stops growth of bacteria or how it kills bacteria is called mechanism of action of antibiotic.

Penicillin and cephalosporin

These are beta lactum antibiotic because these contains beta lactum ring.  Beta lactum ring inhibits peptidoglycane synthesis. Peptidoglycane is essential component of bacterial cell wall. Hence, by inhibiting peptidoglycane synthesis these antibiotic stops cell wall synthesis. Therefore kills bacteria.

Quinolone and salphonamides

Inhibits protein synthesis and stop bacterial growth

Quinolone inhibits DNA gyrase enzyme act against bacteria.

Macrolides, tetracycline， aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides： By binding with 30S ribosomal subunit  inhibits protein synthesis.

Tetracycline： By binding with 30S ribosomal subunit inhibits protein synthesis and stop bacterial growth.

Macrolides： By binding with 50S ribosomal subunit inhibits protein synthesis and stops bacterial growth.

Antibiotic

 Antibiotic is a drug that act against bacteria. Antibiotic does not act against virus. 

On the basis of its effectiveness it is two types.

Broad spectrum antibiotic： Antibiotic that act agaist both gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria

Narrow spectrum antibiotic：Antibiotic that act agaist only a selective group of bacteria is narrow spectrum antibiotic.

On the basis of mechanism of action antibiotic are also classified as bellow,

1. Penicillin, Cephalosporin inhibits cell wall synthesis, 

Polymyxin targets cell membrane

Some antibiotic interfare with enzyme and kills bacteria.

Quinolone, Salfonamide are interfers with enzyme synthesis. 

Above these are bactericidals. Bactericidals are these antibiotic these kills bacteria.

Macrolide, Tetracycline, are protein synthesis inhibitor. These stop growth of the bacteria. These are called bacteriostatic antibiotic.

Aminoglycosides are only protein synthesis inhibitor which is bactericidal.

Antibiotic and anti bacterial agent both do same function against bacteria. But these have a basic difference.

Antibiotics are produced by a biological process but antibacterial agent are synthetic.