Analgesics and antipyretic

Analgesics are these drug that reduces pain. It is also called pain killer. All kinds of neuropathic pain is reduced by analgesics. 

Antipyretic have a property of reducing fever. It reduces temperature. 

Paracetamol is a drug that have both analgesic and antipyretic property. It reduces pain and fever both.

ACE inhibitor

 ACE inhibitor is also called Angiotensin Converting enzyme, that inhibits production of angiotensin 2, therefore protect narrowing of blood vassels.

It is an antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure.

It is indicated in Coronary artery disease, Hypertension, Heart failure.

The common generics of ACE inhibitor is Captopril, 

Mechanism of action of antibiotics

 How any antibiotic stops growth of bacteria or how it kills bacteria is called mechanism of action of antibiotic.

Penicillin and cephalosporin

These are beta lactum antibiotic because these contains beta lactum ring.  Beta lactum ring inhibits peptidoglycane synthesis. Peptidoglycane is essential component of bacterial cell wall. Hence, by inhibiting peptidoglycane synthesis these antibiotic stops cell wall synthesis. Therefore kills bacteria.

Quinolone and salphonamides

Inhibits protein synthesis and stop bacterial growth

Quinolone inhibits DNA gyrase enzyme act against bacteria.

Macrolides, tetracycline， aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides： By binding with 30S ribosomal subunit  inhibits protein synthesis.

Tetracycline： By binding with 30S ribosomal subunit inhibits protein synthesis and stop bacterial growth.

Macrolides： By binding with 50S ribosomal subunit inhibits protein synthesis and stops bacterial growth.

Antibiotic

 Antibiotic is a drug that act against bacteria. Antibiotic does not act against virus. 

On the basis of its effectiveness it is two types.

Broad spectrum antibiotic： Antibiotic that act agaist both gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria

Narrow spectrum antibiotic：Antibiotic that act agaist only a selective group of bacteria is narrow spectrum antibiotic.

On the basis of mechanism of action antibiotic are also classified as bellow,

1. Penicillin, Cephalosporin inhibits cell wall synthesis, 

Polymyxin targets cell membrane

Some antibiotic interfare with enzyme and kills bacteria.

Quinolone, Salfonamide are interfers with enzyme synthesis. 

Above these are bactericidals. Bactericidals are these antibiotic these kills bacteria.

Macrolide, Tetracycline, are protein synthesis inhibitor. These stop growth of the bacteria. These are called bacteriostatic antibiotic.

Aminoglycosides are only protein synthesis inhibitor which is bactericidal.

Antibiotic and anti bacterial agent both do same function against bacteria. But these have a basic difference.

Antibiotics are produced by a biological process but antibacterial agent are synthetic.

Some common topics

GERD： Gastro esophageal reflex disease

GIT： Gastro intestinal tract

UTI： Urinary tract infection

RTI： Respiratory Tract infection

SSTI： Skin and soft tissue infection

HIV： Human Immune virus

HPV： Human papilloma virus

AIDS： Acquired Immune difficiency syndrome

 COPD： Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RBC： Red Blood Cell

WBC： White blood cell

ARB： Angitensine receptor blocker

CCB： Calcium channel blocker

PPI： Proton pump inhibitor

CNS： Central nervous system

COVID 19： Corona virus infected disease 2019

Ig： Immunueglobulin

Common specilized doctors

 Cardiologist： Specialized in disease treatment of circulatory system.

Nephrologist： Specialized in kidney treatment.

Neurologist： Specialized in nervous system disease treatment.

Oncologist： Specialized in cancer treatment.

Gaynocologist： Specialized in gaynae obstructive

Paediatric： Specialized in child treatment

Orthopedics：Specialized in skeletal system disorder treatment

Endocrinologist： Specialized in hormonal imbalance treatment

Gastrologist： Specialized in digestive system disorder treatment.

Psychiatric： Specialized in mental disorder treatment

Chest specialist： specialist in heart, lung and chest

Darmatologist： specialized in skin treatment

Common diseases

Nephritis： Inflamation of Kidney

Cystis： Inflamation of gall bladar

Pharingitis： Inflamation of pharynx

Laringitis： Inflamation of larynx

Tonsilitis： Inflamation of tonsil

Myocarditis： Inflamation of heart

Pneumonae： Inflamation of lung

Meningitis： Inflamation of Meninges of brain.

Neuritis： Inflamation of neuron

Arthritis： Inflamation of bone joint

Bacteria

 Bacteria is a living unicellular organ independently.

It is a living prokaryotic cell.

Bacteria reproduces by Amitosis cell division process.

It can causes infection. Some common examples of Bacteria is as bellow,

Chlostrodium Titanni causes Titenus infection.

Salmonela Typhi causes Typhoid

E. Coli

Immune system

 Immune system is a system that protect body from harmful microorganism.

 The capability of body to fight against microorganism is immunity.

The components of immunue system is skin, antibody, white blood cell.

Skin plays primary role to protect microorganism. It at first protect entering of microorganism into body.

Antibody is a special types of protein that fight against specific types of microorganism.

When any antigen enter into body, body identified it and starts to produces special structure of antibody if it can destroy this specific type of antigens further attack.

White Blood Cell （WBC）plays an important role to protect microorganism.

Disease caused by microorganism is called infectious disease.

Inflamation caused by microorganism is infection.

Immunity prevent infection. Infection may be caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Fungus.

Circulatory system

 System that circulate blood is called circulatory system.

Heart is the main and major organ of circulatory system. The specialized cell in heart is called cardiac cell.

Heart and blood vassels consists circulatory system. 

Blood vassels are three  types

Arteries： Arteries carries blood heart to body.

Viens： Viens carries caries blood body to heart.

Capilaries： Capilaries are tiny vassels that involves gaseous exchange.

Heart consist with 4 chambers.

Two upper chamber are called atria and two lower chamber is called ventricle.

Circulatory system are in two parts. one part is systemic circulatory system that control blood circulation between heart and body cell.

Pulmonary circulatory system controls blood circulation between lung and heart.

Nervous system

 Nervous system is a group of organ that controles stimulli and response.

There are two parts of nervous system.

Central nervous system： Central nervous system consists with brain and spinal chord.

Peripheral nervous system：Peripheral nervous system expands in peripheral region of the body outside from brain and spinal chord except nail and hair.

The unit of nervous system is called neuron. Neuron is a specialized cell of nervous system. Neuron carries impulse.

Respiratory system

 Respiratory system is a group of organ involved in inhalation and exhalation. By inhalation lung receives oxygen and by exhalation lung releases Carbon dioxide.

It is also called pulmonary system.

The organs of respiratory system is as bellow,

Nose： Hollow organ at first that receives air.

Pharynx： Nose passess air into pharynx.

Larynx： Larynx is the next part of pharynx. It produces sound.

Trachea： Trachea is a wind pipe next to larynx.

Bronchus： Trachea divided into two part. these two parts are divided into bronchus.

Broncheole

Lung： Lung is the largest part of the respiratory system. when it expand, it receives air and when it shirnk it expels air from lung.

Alveoli： Alveoli is a air sacs in lung. It attached with capillaries and exchanges air between lung and blood stream.

Digestive system

 The group of organ to breakdown of foods into smaller component until absorption and excretion of unabsorbed waste is termed as Digestive system.

Hollo paths of GIT (Gastro Intestinal Tract) and some accessories organ altogather construct digestive system.

GIT consists with Mouth, Esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

The accessories organs are Salivery gland, tounge, liver, pancreas, gall bladar, teeth, serous gland.

GIT organs passes food components one after another through breaking down it smaller to smaller.

Accessories organs breakdown foods, make it soft, secrets enzymes and chemicals to make food easier to absorb.

One of the GIT organ, stomach do major work in digestion. It secrets HCl to ultimately breaking down of food. HCl is Hydrocloric acid. It is also called gastric acid.

System

 System is a combination of a group of organ to do a specific task.

There have 11 different system in human body.

Digestive system: A combination of a group of organ to breakdown of food into smaller component until absorption and excretion of unabsorbed food.

System that involved in digestion is called Digestive system.

Respiratory system: A combination of a group of organ for inhalation and exhalation.

System that involved in inhalation and exhallation is respiratory system.

Skeletal system: A combination of a group of organ for giving a structural framework of body.

System that gives structure of body is skeletal system.

Muscular system: A combination of a group of muscle organ to perform movement and protection of other internal organ.

System that control movement and protect internal organ is muscular system.

Urinary system: A combination of a group of organ for regulating water balance and excretion of water and wastes from body.

System that controls water balance is urinary system.

Nervous system: A combination of a group of organ to control stimulli and response.

System that controls feelings or stimulli and response is nervous system.

Immune system: A combination of a group of organ to protect body from harmful foreign particles.

System that protect body from harmful foreign particles is immune system.

Circulatory system: A combination of a group of organ to circulate blood.

System that circulate blood is circulatory system.

Reproducrive system: A combination of a group of organ to participate in reproduction.

System that participate in reproduction is Reproductive system.

Entegumentary system: The glands combination  to produce and regulate hormone, enzyme and other chemicals are 

Lymphatic system: System consists with liquid lymph.

Cytoplasm

 Cytoplasm is a gelatin like liquid inside cell membrane included other organalae except nucleus.

Inside cell membrane everything included nucleus is called protoplasm.

The gel like liquid in nucleus is called neucleoplasm.

The gel like liquid in cytoplasm is called cytosol.

Cytoplasm perform some basic function of cell. 

Storages nutrients

Transports nutrients

Contains other organalaes

Active participations in cell division

Nucleus

 Nucleus is a membrane enclosed organalae of cell that contains chromosome. 

Cell nucleus contains genetic materials in a form of multiple linear DNA molecule that organized into a structure called chromosome.

Aerobic respiration

 Respiration is a process of producing energy by cell. 

There have two types of respiration

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration is a energy producing process of cell in presence of oxygen gas.

Plants and animals produces energy by aerobic respiration. Glucose convert into water and Carbon di oxide releases energy by aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration is a process of energy producing of cell in abscence of oxygen gas. Farmentation of Yeast is an example of anaerobic respiration.

Mitochondria

 Mitochondria is an cellular organalae of double layer membrane that produces energy.

Mitochondria is also called power house of cell because it produces energy.

 By aerobic respiration mitochondria produces Adenosin Triphosphate or ATP, which is the source of chemical energy.

Some cells do not contain mitochondria. For example, mamallian RBC( Red Blood Cell) have no mitochondria.

Cell

 Cell is the structural and functional unit of living organism.

Cell is also turmed as the building block of life. Because, as breaks rearranges one after another and form a building, cell rearranges one after another and form living organs.

Types of cell

There exists two types of cell in nature.

Prokaryotic cell: Cell that do not exist structured nucleus are prokaryotic cell. For example, Bacteria, Protozoa cell is Prokaryotic.

Eukaryotic cell: Cell with structured nucleus is called Eukaryotic cell. Cell in higher animals are Eukaryotic in nature.